This study explores the issue of survival in a small-scale, modernizing community. The dilemma faced by the Kalash people who live in the Hindukush mountains in northern Pakistan near the border with Afghanistan, concerns the choices they must make about modernization. Different groups of the Kalash have different responses. Some embrace modernization and westernization and see no particular advantage in preserving Kalash's cultural independence. Others are deeply suspicious of outside, “alien” things and attitudes and recognize the threat to a way of life the Kalash believe they have practiced for centuries. This study also attempts to create a basic record of Kalash culture and introduce them to the rest of the world before their threatened extinction.